Fix handling of possible bad gnu_debugdata_size.

Rather than use a std::vector for backing memory, allocate the memory
using a new with nothrow, and in MemoryBuffer use realloc. Since
the size field is coming from the elf, it could be corrupted or
intentionally crafted to cause problems.

In addition, add some other protections to make sure that overflows
don't occur.

Bug: 146215949

Test: Ran unit tests with jemalloc and scudo to verify that they
Test: both behave the same way.
Change-Id: If14243ce382ba5403a6bacd0ec673452c6b7c3be