Uprev Floss linux build env to Debian 13 (trixie) for C++20 support

A patch for libchrome/BUILD.gn to remove `-Xclang-only=` is needed in
the trixie (clang 16) environment because that's not supported in the
public. In bookworm (clang 14) the flag only generates a warning rather
than failing the build.

Bug: 378773945
Tag: #floss
Test: mmm packages/modules/Bluetooth
Test: ./container-build-image.py && ./build-in-container.py with
      https://r.android.com/3345590
Flag: EXEMPT, Floss-only change
Change-Id: Ie461dcde5a2b1efed245d0cce70bb6e6992b4e97