Asrc: fix threading issue in using asrc from source HAL

When the asrc is instantiated from the worker thread in the source HAL,
its scheduler (|read_clock_timer_|) is owned by the worker thread and
invocations to |SchedulePeriodic| should be run in the same thread.

This CL modifies the signature so that it is aware of the thread in
which the task should be run from.

Bug: 331119124
Bug: 333657963
Test: m Bluetooth
Change-Id: Ia66c25c466af878bfd77a0085e64c20e09b9b5fe