Allow carrier apps to send unpersisted SMSes without SEND_SMS.

The new rule is that SEND_SMS is only required for apps which gain
access to this API via MODIFY_PHONE_STATE; carrier-privileged apps
(and carrier-nominated IMS apps) no longer need an additional runtime
permission.

This CL also consolidates permission checks; the SEND_SMS permission
is always checked directly next to the OP_SEND_SMS AppOps bit for
clarity, and otherwise all permissions are checked at once rather than
interspersed throughout method handling.

Bug: 70177947
Bug: 70041899
Test: Flash / boot; TreeHugger; Unit/CTS tests in topic
Change-Id: I3b1fdda4c5b3929df38ec183149557195908dd5d