libbinder: add BINDER_GET_EXTENDED_ERROR support

This adds basic support to pull extended error information provided by
the driver via BINDER_GET_EXTENDED_ERROR ioctl. For now, we'll only log
the information upon a failed transaction. However, this data can later
be used to handle error scenarios such as retry strategies.

Bug: 28321379
Test: atest binderLibTest
Signed-off-by: Carlos Llamas <cmllamas@google.com>
Change-Id: I8aed63cb0d1aa15aa96db4ab8999e300fef1f505