[Carrier text] add debug location to logs

In order to help discriminate which calls to LogBuffer are originating
from which CarrierText, this CL adds a `debugLocation` to each instance
of the `CarrierText` view which is propagated to the `CarrierTextManagerLogger`
instance that is called into by `CarrierTextManager`.

Current values are "Shade", "Keyguard", and "Emergency"

Test: manual
Test: adb shell settings put global "systemui/buffer/CarrierTextManagerLog" verbose;
Test: adb logcat | grep CarrierTextManager | grep "location=";
Bug: 278254374
Change-Id: I686da7b1b9aa8da7757bf2e79084311073ad012b