appops: Consolidate check/note/startOp validation

Pull out common argument validation logic from these three methods.

This ensures that checkOp validates packages instead of accepting
uid/package mismatches.  It also upgrades note/start to return
MODE_ERROR on invalid vdi and unresolvable package name.

Test: CtsAppOpsTestCases
Flag: android.permission.flags.check_op_validate_package
Bug: 294609684
Change-Id: I3b022348b22ed5a935e0c9cf6a73ad464e72d028