Get CtsProviderTestCases building against API.

To help confirm that we're actually testing developer-visible
behaviors, we need to build against public APIs, since there have
been plenty of examples in this suite of "testing" hidden API
behaviors, which are then misleading to developers.

Bug: 120429729
Test: atest cts/tests/tests/provider/
Exempt-From-Owner-Approval: Trivial API annotations
Change-Id: I07fe33e54f611a6060217f0706fb99b809961f4d