Consistent uncaught exception handling

- Moved the TOLERATE_* flag check into the isRecoverableException() method for consistent behavior.

- Also cleaned up the flag and env-var names.
- Added some more tests.

Fix: 33530960
Test: atest RavenwoodCoreTest with manual testing with the TOLERATE_*
    flags disabled.
Flag: EXEMPT host test change only
Change-Id: I6e299081286c3b5b6ebfae661dcd82256f8d43e0