Add ComponentCaller#checkContentUriPermission API for Activity

The new API checks if the app that launched the activity, i.e. activity
caller, had access to the content URI at launch time. It doesn't perform
a real time check to ensure no loss of grant information in the case of
caller's termination, hence only works for content URIs passed at
launch to mimic the lifetime of grant flags. Finally, for security
reasons, the method requires the caller of the API to the same access to
the content URI, otherwise it throws.

The code for this check is located in a new class ActivityCallerState.

Bug: 293467489
Test: atest CtsAndroidAppTestCases:android.app.cts.ComponentCallerTest
Change-Id: Ide1ea3470e8cc48f4d59e431ef19681050273af2