Expand ContentProviderOperation support of extras.

Now that we allow extras in more ContentProvider calls, we should
also allow CPO to define and pass those extras into a provider.  We
recently added flexible utility methods like withExtraBackReference(),
so this change starts passing those values to insert, update, delete,
and query.

Bug: 131643582
Test: atest CtsContentTestCases
Change-Id: I4a445c061bbd84f45bdb80d336a2d0928b7fbe9c