Add null check for context when doing updateDeviceIdForNonUIContexts

Also added a bit of logging for the Exception case when updating the
deviceId for a context.

Bug: 450685780
Test: atest DeviceAssociationTest
Flag: EXEMPT BUGFIX
Cherrypick-From: https://googleplex-android-review.googlesource.com/q/commit:2b3fa549d8b3f51468ee44c955548ae912ef19b4
Merged-In: I9223b1c95faa10f1f3b28f478338763d1272f1f3
Change-Id: I9223b1c95faa10f1f3b28f478338763d1272f1f3