Cache permission info before syncing app op mode.

This can help reducing time spent in onStartUser() where we compute
app op mode synchronously for all apps. After this change, we don't
have to query the permission info for every runtime permission
requested by every app every time we encounter it.

Bug: 136503238
Test: presubmit
Change-Id: I64dfd056725b666b83649769a9b551b7b6207b73