Add Component Caller APIs for Activity's results

In continuation to ag/25895815, with activities potentially receiving
multiple results at the same time, it is important to match intents to
their callers correctly. Hence this change overloads existing
onActivityResult() with a ComponentCaller - onActivityResult(int, int,
Intent, ComponentCaller).

More CTS for ComponentCaller#checkContentUriPermission are incoming.

Bug: 293467489
Test: atest CtsAndroidAppTestCases:android.app.cts.ComponentCallerTest
Test: atest CtsAndroidAppTestCases:android.app.cts.ShareIdentityTest
Change-Id: Idb56fc8cc6331afee7b30653bd0e3e771ba2e3f0