Reapply "Add super.img to android_device"

This reverts commit 4173c5be.

This resubmission moves the check that all partitions are specified
to execution time, because on aosp-main-future-without-vendor
BUILDING_VENDOR_IMAGE is false while
BOARD_GOOGLE_DYNAMIC_PARTITIONS_PARTITION_LIST still lists the vendor
partition.

Bug: 376727180
Test: Presubmits
Change-Id: I485574c98ba78f7eea3878135ff71fd6da94587e