Fixed another out of boundary exception in data retry manager

When retry aborted, the retry state should be set to cancelled.
Also added detection code to catch potential out-of-boundary
exception in the future.

A new unit test will be added in the next CL.

Bug: 229356779
Test: atest FrameworksTelephonyTests
Change-Id: I9f46c48f779ac759ffef715aee59e31861f4d4d0