Implement callingUser propagation in outgoing SMS impl class

Currently, many calls within the outgoing SMS process use a clear calling identity. However, certain sub-calls, such as package verification in SMSDispatcher, require the calling user ID to check the associated package. Due to the clear calling identity, all calls in SMSDispatcher currently query the package in the user 0 (system user) space. This will cause a failure if a secondary user tries to send an SMS from a package not installed on the system user.

To address this, implementing a mechanism to propagate the calling user ID throughout the outgoing SMS flow, ensuring it's available where needed. This will allow package queries to be performed in the correct user space, preventing failures when secondary users send SMS messages from packages not installed for the system user.

Bug: 353351921
Test: atest TelephonyFrameworkTests
Flag: com.android.internal.telephony.flags.sms_mms_deliver_broadcasts_redirect_to_main_user
Change-Id: I6336c987b470b7bda66c2526aa7b6bafcc59d0df