SF: Remove *DisplayId::tryCast usage from Output

Work towards DisplayId opaqueness by eliminating call-sites to APIs that
parse the display ID values directly. One such site is
compositionengine::Output and its implementers, such as
compositionengine::Display.

Replace all calls to *DisplayId::tryCast with local calls to cached
display state at the time of Output creation.

Flag: com.android.graphics.surfaceflinger.flags.stable_edid_ids
Bug: 390690584
Test: libcompositionengine_test && libsurfaceflinger_unittest
Change-Id: I5524928e839e683184a878d08c2515e3d9d0593d