libceph: define osd_req_opcode_valid()

Define a separate function to determine the validity of an opcode,
and use it inside osd_req_encode_op() in order to unclutter that
function.

Don't update the destination op at all--and return zero--if an
unsupported or unrecognized opcode is seen in osd_req_encode_op().

Signed-off-by: Alex Elder <elder@inktank.com>
Reviewed-by: Josh Durgin <josh.durgin@inktank.com>