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Commit b99cdfdf authored by Linus Torvalds's avatar Linus Torvalds
Browse files

Merge branch 'core-rcu-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip 

Pull RCU updates from Thomas Gleixner:
 "A large update to RCU:

  Preparatory work for consolidating the RCU flavors:

   - Introduce grace-period sequence numbers to the RCU-bh, RCU-preempt,
     and RCU-sched flavors, replacing the old ->gpnum and ->completed
     pair of fields.

     This change allows lockless code to obtain the complete
     grace-period state with a single READ_ONCE(), which is needed to
     maintain tolerable lock contention during the upcoming
     consolidation of the three RCU flavors.

     Note that grace-period sequence numbers are already used by
     rcu_barrier(), expedited RCU grace periods, and SRCU, and are thus
     already heavily used and well-tested. Joel Fernandes contributed a
     number of excellent fixes and improvements.

   - Clean up some grace-period-reporting loose ends, including
     improving the handling of quiescent states from offline CPUs and
     fixing some false-positive WARN_ON_ONCE() invocations.

     (Strictly speaking, the WARN_ON_ONCE() invocations were quite
     correct, but their invariants were (harmlessly) violated by the
     earlier sloppy handling of quiescent states from offline CPUs.)

     In addition, improve grace-period forward-progress guarantees so as
     to allow removal of fail-safe checks that required otherwise
     needless lock acquisitions. Finally, add more diagnostics to help
     debug the upcoming consolidation of the RCU-bh, RCU-preempt, and
     RCU-sched flavors.

  The rest:

   - SRCU updates

   - Updates to rcutorture and associated scripting.

   - The usual pile of miscellaneous fixes"

* 'core-rcu-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip: (118 commits)
  rcutorture: Fix rcu_barrier successes counter
  rcutorture: Add support to detect if boost kthread prio is too low
  rcutorture: Use monotonic timestamp for stall detection
  rcutorture: Make boost test more robust
  rcutorture: Disable RT throttling for boost tests
  rcutorture: Emphasize testing of single reader protection type
  rcutorture: Handle extended read-side critical sections
  rcutorture: Make rcu_torture_timer() use rcu_torture_one_read()
  rcutorture: Use per-CPU random state for rcu_torture_timer()
  rcutorture: Use atomic increment for n_rcu_torture_timers
  rcutorture: Extract common code from rcu_torture_reader()
  rcuperf: Remove unused torturing_tasks() function
  rcu: Remove rcutorture test version and sequence number
  rcutorture: Change units of onoff_interval to jiffies
  rcu: Assign higher prio to RCU threads if rcutorture is built-in
  rculist: Improve documentation for list_for_each_entry_from_rcu()
  srcu: Add grace-period number to rcutorture statistics printout
  rcu: Print stall-warning NMI dyntick state in hexadecimal
  MAINTAINERS: Update RCU, SRCU, and TORTURE-TEST entries
  rcu: Make rcu_seq_diff() more exact
  ...
parents d0daaeaf ea73a5c6

Documentation/RCU/Design/Data-Structures/Data-Structures.html

+63 −55
Original line number Diff line number Diff line
@@ -380,31 +380,26 @@ and therefore need no protection. 
as follows:



<pre>

  1   unsigned long gpnum;

  2   unsigned long completed;

  1   unsigned long gp_seq;

</pre>



<p>RCU grace periods are numbered, and

the <tt>-&gt;gpnum</tt> field contains the number of the grace

period that started most recently.

The <tt>-&gt;completed</tt> field contains the number of the

grace period that completed most recently.

If the two fields are equal, the RCU grace period that most recently

started has already completed, and therefore the corresponding

flavor of RCU is idle.

If <tt>-&gt;gpnum</tt> is one greater than <tt>-&gt;completed</tt>,

then <tt>-&gt;gpnum</tt> gives the number of the current RCU

grace period, which has not yet completed.

Any other combination of values indicates that something is broken.

These two fields are protected by the root <tt>rcu_node</tt>'s

the <tt>-&gt;gp_seq</tt> field contains the current grace-period

sequence number.

The bottom two bits are the state of the current grace period,

which can be zero for not yet started or one for in progress.

In other words, if the bottom two bits of <tt>-&gt;gp_seq</tt> are

zero, the corresponding flavor of RCU is idle.

Any other value in the bottom two bits indicates that something is broken.

This field is protected by the root <tt>rcu_node</tt> structure's

<tt>-&gt;lock</tt> field.



</p><p>There are <tt>-&gt;gpnum</tt> and <tt>-&gt;completed</tt> fields

</p><p>There are <tt>-&gt;gp_seq</tt> fields

in the <tt>rcu_node</tt> and <tt>rcu_data</tt> structures

as well.

The fields in the <tt>rcu_state</tt> structure represent the

most current values, and those of the other structures are compared

in order to detect the start of a new grace period in a distributed

most current value, and those of the other structures are compared

in order to detect the beginnings and ends of grace periods in a distributed

fashion.

The values flow from <tt>rcu_state</tt> to <tt>rcu_node</tt>

(down the tree from the root to the leaves) to <tt>rcu_data</tt>.
@@ -512,27 +507,47 @@ than to be heisenbugged out of existence. 
as follows:



<pre>

  1   unsigned long gpnum;

  2   unsigned long completed;

  1   unsigned long gp_seq;

  2   unsigned long gp_seq_needed;

</pre>



<p>These fields are the counterparts of the fields of the same name in

the <tt>rcu_state</tt> structure.

They each may lag up to one behind their <tt>rcu_state</tt>

counterparts.

If a given <tt>rcu_node</tt> structure's <tt>-&gt;gpnum</tt> and

<tt>-&gt;complete</tt> fields are equal, then this <tt>rcu_node</tt>

<p>The <tt>rcu_node</tt> structures' <tt>-&gt;gp_seq</tt> fields are

the counterparts of the field of the same name in the <tt>rcu_state</tt>

structure.

They each may lag up to one step behind their <tt>rcu_state</tt>

counterpart.

If the bottom two bits of a given <tt>rcu_node</tt> structure's

<tt>-&gt;gp_seq</tt> field is zero, then this <tt>rcu_node</tt>

structure believes that RCU is idle.

Otherwise, as with the <tt>rcu_state</tt> structure,

the <tt>-&gt;gpnum</tt> field will be one greater than the

<tt>-&gt;complete</tt> fields, with <tt>-&gt;gpnum</tt>

indicating which grace period this <tt>rcu_node</tt> believes

is still being waited for.

</p><p>The <tt>&gt;gp_seq</tt> field of each <tt>rcu_node</tt>

structure is updated at the beginning and the end

of each grace period.



<p>The <tt>-&gt;gp_seq_needed</tt> fields record the

furthest-in-the-future grace period request seen by the corresponding

<tt>rcu_node</tt> structure.  The request is considered fulfilled when

the value of the <tt>-&gt;gp_seq</tt> field equals or exceeds that of

the <tt>-&gt;gp_seq_needed</tt> field.



</p><p>The <tt>&gt;gpnum</tt> field of each <tt>rcu_node</tt>

structure is updated at the beginning

of each grace period, and the <tt>-&gt;completed</tt> fields are

updated at the end of each grace period.

<table>

<tr><th>&nbsp;</th></tr>

<tr><th align="left">Quick Quiz:</th></tr>

<tr><td>

	Suppose that this <tt>rcu_node</tt> structure doesn't see

	a request for a very long time.

	Won't wrapping of the <tt>-&gt;gp_seq</tt> field cause

	problems?

</td></tr>

<tr><th align="left">Answer:</th></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffff"><font color="ffffff">

	No, because if the <tt>-&gt;gp_seq_needed</tt> field lags behind the

	<tt>-&gt;gp_seq</tt> field, the <tt>-&gt;gp_seq_needed</tt> field

	will be updated at the end of the grace period.

	Modulo-arithmetic comparisons therefore will always get the

	correct answer, even with wrapping.

</font></td></tr>

<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>

</table>



<h5>Quiescent-State Tracking</h5>
@@ -626,9 +641,8 @@ normal and expedited grace periods, respectively. 
	</ol>



	<p><font color="ffffff">So the locking is absolutely required in

	order to coordinate

	clearing of the bits with the grace-period numbers in

	<tt>-&gt;gpnum</tt> and <tt>-&gt;completed</tt>.

	order to coordinate clearing of the bits with updating of the

	grace-period sequence number in <tt>-&gt;gp_seq</tt>.

</font></td></tr>

<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>

</table>
@@ -1038,15 +1052,15 @@ out any <tt>rcu_data</tt> structure for which this flag is not set. 
as follows:



<pre>

  1   unsigned long completed;

  2   unsigned long gpnum;

  1   unsigned long gp_seq;

  2   unsigned long gp_seq_needed;

  3   bool cpu_no_qs;

  4   bool core_needs_qs;

  5   bool gpwrap;

  6   unsigned long rcu_qs_ctr_snap;

</pre>



<p>The <tt>completed</tt> and <tt>gpnum</tt>

<p>The <tt>-&gt;gp_seq</tt> and <tt>-&gt;gp_seq_needed</tt>

fields are the counterparts of the fields of the same name

in the <tt>rcu_state</tt> and <tt>rcu_node</tt> structures.

They may each lag up to one behind their <tt>rcu_node</tt>
@@ -1054,15 +1068,9 @@ counterparts, but in <tt>CONFIG_NO_HZ_IDLE</tt> and 
<tt>CONFIG_NO_HZ_FULL</tt> kernels can lag

arbitrarily far behind for CPUs in dyntick-idle mode (but these counters

will catch up upon exit from dyntick-idle mode).

If a given <tt>rcu_data</tt> structure's <tt>-&gt;gpnum</tt> and

<tt>-&gt;complete</tt> fields are equal, then this <tt>rcu_data</tt>

If the lower two bits of a given <tt>rcu_data</tt> structure's

<tt>-&gt;gp_seq</tt> are zero, then this <tt>rcu_data</tt>

structure believes that RCU is idle.

Otherwise, as with the <tt>rcu_state</tt> and <tt>rcu_node</tt>

structure,

the <tt>-&gt;gpnum</tt> field will be one greater than the

<tt>-&gt;complete</tt> fields, with <tt>-&gt;gpnum</tt>

indicating which grace period this <tt>rcu_data</tt> believes

is still being waited for.



<table>

<tr><th>&nbsp;</th></tr>
@@ -1070,13 +1078,13 @@ is still being waited for. 
<tr><td>

	All this replication of the grace period numbers can only cause

	massive confusion.

	Why not just keep a global pair of counters and be done with it???

	Why not just keep a global sequence number and be done with it???

</td></tr>

<tr><th align="left">Answer:</th></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffff"><font color="ffffff">

	Because if there was only a single global pair of grace-period

	Because if there was only a single global sequence

	numbers, there would need to be a single global lock to allow

	safely accessing and updating them.

	safely accessing and updating it.

	And if we are not going to have a single global lock, we need

	to carefully manage the numbers on a per-node basis.

	Recall from the answer to a previous Quick Quiz that the consequences
@@ -1091,8 +1099,8 @@ CPU has not yet passed through a quiescent state, 
while the <tt>-&gt;core_needs_qs</tt> flag indicates that the

RCU core needs a quiescent state from the corresponding CPU.

The <tt>-&gt;gpwrap</tt> field indicates that the corresponding

CPU has remained idle for so long that the <tt>completed</tt>

and <tt>gpnum</tt> counters are in danger of overflow, which

CPU has remained idle for so long that the

<tt>gp_seq</tt> counter is in danger of overflow, which

will cause the CPU to disregard the values of its counters on

its next exit from idle.

Finally, the <tt>rcu_qs_ctr_snap</tt> field is used to detect
@@ -1130,10 +1138,10 @@ The CPU advances the callbacks in its <tt>rcu_data</tt> structure 
whenever it notices that another RCU grace period has completed.

The CPU detects the completion of an RCU grace period by noticing

that the value of its <tt>rcu_data</tt> structure's

<tt>-&gt;completed</tt> field differs from that of its leaf

<tt>-&gt;gp_seq</tt> field differs from that of its leaf

<tt>rcu_node</tt> structure.

Recall that each <tt>rcu_node</tt> structure's

<tt>-&gt;completed</tt> field is updated at the end of each

<tt>-&gt;gp_seq</tt> field is updated at the beginnings and ends of each

grace period.



<p>

Documentation/RCU/Design/Memory-Ordering/Tree-RCU-Memory-Ordering.html

+10 −12
Original line number Diff line number Diff line
@@ -357,7 +357,7 @@ parts, starting in this section with the various phases of 
grace-period initialization.



<p>The first ordering-related grace-period initialization action is to

increment the <tt>rcu_state</tt> structure's <tt>-&gt;gpnum</tt>

advance the <tt>rcu_state</tt> structure's <tt>-&gt;gp_seq</tt>

grace-period-number counter, as shown below:



</p><p><img src="TreeRCU-gp-init-1.svg" alt="TreeRCU-gp-init-1.svg" width="75%">
@@ -388,7 +388,7 @@ its last CPU and if the next <tt>rcu_node</tt> structure has no online CPUs). 


<p>The final <tt>rcu_gp_init()</tt> pass through the <tt>rcu_node</tt>

tree traverses breadth-first, setting each <tt>rcu_node</tt> structure's

<tt>-&gt;gpnum</tt> field to the newly incremented value from the

<tt>-&gt;gp_seq</tt> field to the newly advanced value from the

<tt>rcu_state</tt> structure, as shown in the following diagram.



</p><p><img src="TreeRCU-gp-init-3.svg" alt="TreeRCU-gp-init-1.svg" width="75%">
@@ -398,9 +398,9 @@ tree traverses breadth-first, setting each <tt>rcu_node</tt> structure's 
to notice that a new grace period has started, as described in the next

section.

But because the grace-period kthread started the grace period at the

root (with the increment of the <tt>rcu_state</tt> structure's

<tt>-&gt;gpnum</tt> field) before setting each leaf <tt>rcu_node</tt>

structure's <tt>-&gt;gpnum</tt> field, each CPU's observation of

root (with the advancing of the <tt>rcu_state</tt> structure's

<tt>-&gt;gp_seq</tt> field) before setting each leaf <tt>rcu_node</tt>

structure's <tt>-&gt;gp_seq</tt> field, each CPU's observation of

the start of the grace period will happen after the actual start

of the grace period.
@@ -466,7 +466,7 @@ section that the grace period must wait on. 
<tr><td>

	But a RCU read-side critical section might have started

	after the beginning of the grace period

	(the <tt>-&gt;gpnum++</tt> from earlier), so why should

	(the advancing of <tt>-&gt;gp_seq</tt> from earlier), so why should

	the grace period wait on such a critical section?

</td></tr>

<tr><th align="left">Answer:</th></tr>
@@ -609,10 +609,8 @@ states outstanding from other CPUs. 
<h4><a name="Grace-Period Cleanup">Grace-Period Cleanup</a></h4>



<p>Grace-period cleanup first scans the <tt>rcu_node</tt> tree

breadth-first setting all the <tt>-&gt;completed</tt> fields equal

to the number of the newly completed grace period, then it sets

the <tt>rcu_state</tt> structure's <tt>-&gt;completed</tt> field,

again to the number of the newly completed grace period.

breadth-first advancing all the <tt>-&gt;gp_seq</tt> fields, then it

advances the <tt>rcu_state</tt> structure's <tt>-&gt;gp_seq</tt> field.

The ordering effects are shown below:



</p><p><img src="TreeRCU-gp-cleanup.svg" alt="TreeRCU-gp-cleanup.svg" width="75%">
@@ -634,7 +632,7 @@ grace-period cleanup is complete, the next grace period can begin. 
	CPU has reported its quiescent state, but it may be some

	milliseconds before RCU becomes aware of this.

	The latest reasonable candidate is once the <tt>rcu_state</tt>

	structure's <tt>-&gt;completed</tt> field has been updated,

	structure's <tt>-&gt;gp_seq</tt> field has been updated,

	but it is quite possible that some CPUs have already completed

	phase two of their updates by that time.

	In short, if you are going to work with RCU, you need to
@@ -647,7 +645,7 @@ grace-period cleanup is complete, the next grace period can begin. 
<h4><a name="Callback Invocation">Callback Invocation</a></h4>



<p>Once a given CPU's leaf <tt>rcu_node</tt> structure's

<tt>-&gt;completed</tt> field has been updated, that CPU can begin

<tt>-&gt;gp_seq</tt> field has been updated, that CPU can begin

invoking its RCU callbacks that were waiting for this grace period

to end.

These callbacks are identified by <tt>rcu_advance_cbs()</tt>,

Documentation/RCU/Design/Memory-Ordering/TreeRCU-gp-cleanup.svg

+65 −58
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Documentation/RCU/Design/Memory-Ordering/TreeRCU-gp-init-3.svg

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