rbd: define some new format constants

Define constant symbols related to the rbd format 2 object names.
This begins to bring this version of the "rbd_types.h" header
more in line with the current user-space version of that file.
Complete reconciliation of differences will be done at some
point later, as a separate task.

Signed-off-by: Alex Elder <elder@inktank.com>
Reviewed-by: Josh Durgin <josh.durgin@inktank.com>