Documentation: add some docs for errseq_t

The errseq_t datatype

=====================

An errseq_t is a way of recording errors in one place, and allowing any

number of "subscribers" to tell whether it has changed since a previous

point where it was sampled.

The initial use case for this is tracking errors for file

synchronization syscalls (fsync, fdatasync, msync and sync_file_range),

but it may be usable in other situations.

It's implemented as an unsigned 32-bit value.  The low order bits are

designated to hold an error code (between 1 and MAX_ERRNO).  The upper bits

are used as a counter.  This is done with atomics instead of locking so that

these functions can be called from any context.

Note that there is a risk of collisions if new errors are being recorded

frequently, since we have so few bits to use as a counter.

To mitigate this, the bit between the error value and counter is used as

a flag to tell whether the value has been sampled since a new value was

recorded.  That allows us to avoid bumping the counter if no one has

sampled it since the last time an error was recorded.

Thus we end up with a value that looks something like this::

    bit:  31..13        12        11..0

    +-----------------+----+----------------+

    |     counter     | SF |      errno     |

    +-----------------+----+----------------+

The general idea is for "watchers" to sample an errseq_t value and keep

it as a running cursor.  That value can later be used to tell whether

any new errors have occurred since that sampling was done, and atomically

record the state at the time that it was checked.  This allows us to

record errors in one place, and then have a number of "watchers" that

can tell whether the value has changed since they last checked it.

A new errseq_t should always be zeroed out.  An errseq_t value of all zeroes

is the special (but common) case where there has never been an error. An all

zero value thus serves as the "epoch" if one wishes to know whether there

has ever been an error set since it was first initialized.

API usage

=========

Let me tell you a story about a worker drone.  Now, he's a good worker

overall, but the company is a little...management heavy.  He has to

report to 77 supervisors today, and tomorrow the "big boss" is coming in

from out of town and he's sure to test the poor fellow too.

They're all handing him work to do -- so much he can't keep track of who

handed him what, but that's not really a big problem.  The supervisors

just want to know when he's finished all of the work they've handed him so

far and whether he made any mistakes since they last asked.

He might have made the mistake on work they didn't actually hand him,

but he can't keep track of things at that level of detail, all he can

remember is the most recent mistake that he made.

Here's our worker_drone representation::

        struct worker_drone {

                errseq_t        wd_err; /* for recording errors */

        };

Every day, the worker_drone starts out with a blank slate::

        struct worker_drone wd;

        wd.wd_err = (errseq_t)0;

The supervisors come in and get an initial read for the day.  They

don't care about anything that happened before their watch begins::

        struct supervisor {

                errseq_t        s_wd_err; /* private "cursor" for wd_err */

                spinlock_t      s_wd_err_lock; /* protects s_wd_err */

        }

        struct supervisor       su;

        su.s_wd_err = errseq_sample(&wd.wd_err);

        spin_lock_init(&su.s_wd_err_lock);

Now they start handing him tasks to do.  Every few minutes they ask him to

finish up all of the work they've handed him so far.  Then they ask him

whether he made any mistakes on any of it::

        spin_lock(&su.su_wd_err_lock);

        err = errseq_check_and_advance(&wd.wd_err, &su.s_wd_err);

        spin_unlock(&su.su_wd_err_lock);

Up to this point, that just keeps returning 0.

Now, the owners of this company are quite miserly and have given him

substandard equipment with which to do his job. Occasionally it

glitches and he makes a mistake.  He sighs a heavy sigh, and marks it

down::

        errseq_set(&wd.wd_err, -EIO);

...and then gets back to work.  The supervisors eventually poll again

and they each get the error when they next check.  Subsequent calls will

return 0, until another error is recorded, at which point it's reported

to each of them once.

Note that the supervisors can't tell how many mistakes he made, only

whether one was made since they last checked, and the latest value

recorded.

Occasionally the big boss comes in for a spot check and asks the worker

to do a one-off job for him. He's not really watching the worker

full-time like the supervisors, but he does need to know whether a

mistake occurred while his job was processing.

He can just sample the current errseq_t in the worker, and then use that

to tell whether an error has occurred later::

        errseq_t since = errseq_sample(&wd.wd_err);

        /* submit some work and wait for it to complete */

        err = errseq_check(&wd.wd_err, since);

Since he's just going to discard "since" after that point, he doesn't

need to advance it here. He also doesn't need any locking since it's

not usable by anyone else.

Serializing errseq_t cursor updates

===================================

Note that the errseq_t API does not protect the errseq_t cursor during a

check_and_advance_operation. Only the canonical error code is handled

atomically.  In a situation where more than one task might be using the

same errseq_t cursor at the same time, it's important to serialize

updates to that cursor.

If that's not done, then it's possible for the cursor to go backward

in which case the same error could be reported more than once.

Because of this, it's often advantageous to first do an errseq_check to

see if anything has changed, and only later do an

errseq_check_and_advance after taking the lock. e.g.::

        if (errseq_check(&wd.wd_err, READ_ONCE(su.s_wd_err)) {

                /* su.s_wd_err is protected by s_wd_err_lock */

                spin_lock(&su.s_wd_err_lock);

                err = errseq_check_and_advance(&wd.wd_err, &su.s_wd_err);

                spin_unlock(&su.s_wd_err_lock);

        }

That avoids the spinlock in the common case where nothing has changed

since the last time it was checked.

/*

 * See Documentation/errseq.rst and lib/errseq.c

 */

#ifndef _LINUX_ERRSEQ_H

#define _LINUX_ERRSEQ_H

/* See lib/errseq.c for more info */

typedef u32	errseq_t;

errseq_t errseq_set(errseq_t *eseq, int err);

 * When a writeback error occurs, most filesystems will want to call

 * filemap_set_wb_err to record the error in the mapping so that it will be

 * automatically reported whenever fsync is called on the file.

 *

 * FIXME: mention FS_* flag here?

 */

static inline void filemap_set_wb_err(struct address_space *mapping, int err)

{