X.509: fix BUG_ON() when hash algorithm is unsupported

commit 437499eea4291ae9621e8763a41df027c110a1ef upstream.

The X.509 parser mishandles the case where the certificate's signature's
hash algorithm is not available in the crypto API.  In this case,
x509_get_sig_params() doesn't allocate the cert->sig->digest buffer;
this part seems to be intentional.  However,
public_key_verify_signature() is still called via
x509_check_for_self_signed(), which triggers the 'BUG_ON(!sig->digest)'.

Fix this by making public_key_verify_signature() return -ENOPKG if the
hash buffer has not been allocated.

Reproducer when all the CONFIG_CRYPTO_SHA512* options are disabled:

    openssl req -new -sha512 -x509 -batch -nodes -outform der \
        | keyctl padd asymmetric desc @s

Fixes: 6c2dc5ae ("X.509: Extract signature digest and make self-signed cert checks earlier")
Reported-by: Paolo Valente <paolo.valente@linaro.org>
Cc: Paolo Valente <paolo.valente@linaro.org>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org> # v4.7+
Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com>
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>