Convert onCallFilteringCompleted to single arg

Pass all info to the connection service as a single arg, and pass the
entire component name instead of just whether it's the system dialer.

Also fix a bug where exceptions might get silently thrown.

Bug: 180616846
Test: atest ConnectionServiceTest ExtendedInCallServiceTest
Change-Id: I4fd873123e822b64d882a6f5bf047e87d4259404