Return early if vendor-specific command fails

Add CHECK() statements to crash if the callback is passed the incorrect
opcode or if there are no parameters.

Bug: 76192234
Bug: 77495521
Test: Start Bluetooth with a BT 3.0 chip (or a simulated one)
Change-Id: Iddd9a8503b2cfd52b16fb1c59f40e108b478e7b6
(cherry picked from commit 9c570c29)