Add implementation and flags for new transparency callback APIs

Add implementation to pass information from the modem about identifier
disclosures and security algorithm updates to notify listeners.

Bug: 355062720
Test: atest CtsTelephonyTestCases:TelephonyCallbackTest
Test: atest DefaultPhoneNotifierTest TelephonyRegistryTest
Test: atest CellularIdentifierDisclosureTest SecurityAlgorithmUpdateTest
Flag: com.android.internal.telephony.flags.security_algorithms_update_indications
Flag: com.android.internal.telephony.flags.cellular_identifier_disclosure_indications

Change-Id: I1ad4ffd2aaad56ec8bfaadb272cad99c74700db8