[RESTRICT AUTOMERGE] Check cross user permissions for a given UID

Instead of relying on Context#checkCallingOrSelfPermission, explicitly
check permissions against a given UID. However, to maintain legacy
behavior, replace custom UIDs with Binder.getCallingUid when enforcing
permissions from a method.

Also update tests afftected by this change - by adding methods to mocked
objects

Bug: 350456241

Test: sts-tradefed run sts-dynamic-develop -m CtsSecurityTestCases -t android.security.cts.ContentProviderMultiUserTests#testAccessFromInitialUser --user-type PRIMARY

Test: sts-tradefed run sts-dynamic-develop -m CtsSecurityTestCases -t android.security.cts.ContentProviderMultiUserTests --user-type SECONDARY

Change-Id: Ib31cabff5714500471bd397c743e127c85751a5c
(cherry picked from commit 6775f075)