docs: Manage Memory perf article

page.title=Overview of Android Memory Management

page.tags=ram,memory,paging,mmap

page.article=true

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<h2>In this document</h2>

<ol class="nolist">

  <li><a href="#gc">Garbage collection</a></li>

  <li><a href="#SharingRAM">Sharing Memory</a></li>

  <li><a href="#AllocatingRAM">Allocating and Reclaiming App Memory</a></li>

  <li><a href="#RestrictingMemory">Restricting App Memory</a></li>

  <li><a href="#SwitchingApps">Switching Apps</a></li>

</ol>

<h2>See Also</h2>

<ul>

  <li><a href="{@docRoot}training/articles/memory.html">Manage Your App's Memory</a>

  </li>

  <li><a href="{@docRoot}studio/profile/investigate-ram.html">Investigating Your RAM Usage</a>

  </li>

</ul>

</div>

</div>

<p>

  The Android Runtime (ART) and Dalvik virtual machine use

  <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paging" class="external-link">paging</a>

  and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory-mapped_files" class="external-link">memory-mapping</a>

  (mmapping) to manage memory. This means that any memory an app

  modifies—whether by allocating

  new objects or touching mmapped pages—remains resident in RAM and

  cannot be paged out. The only way to release memory from an app is to release

  object references that the app holds, making the memory available to the

  garbage collector.

  That is with one exception: any files

  mmapped in without modification, such as code,

  can be paged out of RAM if the system wants to use that memory elsewhere.

</p>

<p>

  This page explains how Android manages app processes and memory

  allocation. For more information about how to manage memory more efficiently

  in your app, see

  <a href="{@docRoot}training/articles/memory.html">Manage Your App's Memory</a>.

</p>

<!-- Section 1 #################################################### -->

<h2 id="gc">Garbage collection</h2>

<p>

  A managed memory environment, like the ART or Dalvik virtual machine,

  keeps track of each memory allocation. Once it determines

  that a piece of memory is no longer being used by the program,

  it frees it back to the heap, without any intervention from the programmer.

  The mechanism for reclaiming unused memory

  within a managed memory environment

  is known as <i>garbage collection</i>. Garbage collection has two goals:

  find data objects in a program that cannot be accessed in the future; and

  reclaim the resources used by those objects.

</p>

<p>

  Android’s memory heap is a generational one, meaning that there are

  different buckets of allocations that it tracks,

  based on the expected life and size of an object being allocated.

  For example, recently allocated objects belong in the <i>Young generation</i>.

  When an object stays active long enough, it can be promoted

  to an older generation, followed by a permanent generation.

</p>

<p>

  Each heap generation has its own dedicated upper limit on the amount

  of memory that objects there can occupy. Any time a generation starts

  to fill up, the system executes a garbage collection

  event in an attempt to free up memory. The duration of the garbage collection

  depends on which generation of objects it's collecting

  and how many active objects are in each generation.

</p>

<p>

  Even though garbage collection can be quite fast, it can still

  affect your app's performance. You don’t generally control

  when a garbage collection event occurs from within your code.

  The system has a running set of criteria for determining when to perform

  garbage collection. When the criteria are satisfied,

  the system stops executing the process and begins garbage collection. If

  garbage collection occurs in the middle of an intensive processing loop

  like an animation or during music playback, it can increase processing time.

  This increase can potentially push code execution in your app past the

  recommended 16ms threshold for efficient and smooth frame rendering.

</p>

<p>

  Additionally, your code flow may perform kinds of work that

  force garbage collection events to occur

  more often or make them last longer-than-normal.

  For example, if you allocate multiple objects in the

  innermost part of a for-loop during each frame of an alpha

  blending animation, you might pollute your memory heap with a

  lot of objects.

  In that circumstance, the garbage collector executes multiple garbage

  collection events and can degrade the performance of your app.

</p>

<p>

  For more general information about garbage collection, see

  <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garbage_collection_(computer_science)"

  class="external-link">Garbage collection</a>.

</p>

<!-- Section 2 #################################################### -->

<h2 id="SharingRAM">Sharing Memory</h2>

<p>

  In order to fit everything it needs in RAM,

  Android tries to share RAM pages across processes. It

  can do so in the following ways:

</p>

<ul>

  <li>

    Each app process is forked from an existing process called Zygote.

    The Zygote process starts when the system boots and loads common

    framework code and resources

    (such as activity themes). To start a new app process,

    the system forks the Zygote process then

    loads and runs the app's code in the new process.

    This approach allows most of the RAM pages allocated for

    framework code and resources to be shared across all app processes.

  </li>

  <li>

    Most static data is mmapped into a process.

    This technique allows data to be shared

    between processes, and also allows it to be paged

    out when needed. Example static data include:

    Dalvik code (by placing it in a pre-linked <code>.odex</code>

    file for direct mmapping), app resources

    (by designing the resource table to be a structure

    that can be mmapped and by aligning the zip

    entries of the APK), and traditional project

    elements like native code in <code>.so</code> files.

  </li>

  <li>

    In many places, Android shares the same dynamic

    RAM across processes using explicitly allocated

    shared memory regions (either with ashmem or gralloc).

    For example, window surfaces use shared

    memory between the app and screen compositor, and

    cursor buffers use shared memory between the

    content provider and client.

  </li>

</ul>

<p>

  Due to the extensive use of shared memory, determining

  how much memory your app is using requires

  care. Techniques to properly determine your app's

  memory use are discussed in

  <a href="{@docRoot}studio/profile/investigate-ram.html">Investigating Your RAM Usage</a>.

</p>

<!-- Section 3 #################################################### -->

<h2 id="AllocatingRAM">Allocating and Reclaiming App Memory</h2>

<p>

  The Dalvik heap is constrained to a

  single virtual memory range for each app process. This defines

  the logical heap size, which can grow as it needs to

  but only up to a limit that the system defines

  for each app.

</p>

<p>

  The logical size of the heap is not the same as

  the amount of physical memory used by the heap.

  When inspecting your app's heap, Android computes

  a value called the Proportional Set Size (PSS),

  which accounts for both dirty and clean pages

  that are shared with other processes—but only in an

  amount that's proportional to how many apps share

  that RAM. This (PSS) total is what the system

  considers to be your physical memory footprint.

  For more information about PSS, see the

  <a href="{@docRoot}studio/profile/investigate-ram.html">Investigating Your RAM Usage</a>

  guide.

</p>

<p>

  The Dalvik heap does not compact the logical

  size of the heap, meaning that Android does not

  defragment the heap to close up space. Android

  can only shrink the logical heap size when there

  is unused space at the end of the heap. However,

  the system can still reduce physical memory used by the heap.

  After garbage collection, Dalvik

  walks the heap and finds unused pages, then returns

  those pages to the kernel using madvise. So, paired

  allocations and deallocations of large

  chunks should result in reclaiming all (or nearly all)

  the physical memory used. However,

  reclaiming memory from small allocations can be much

  less efficient because the page used

  for a small allocation may still be shared with

  something else that has not yet been freed.

</p>

<!-- Section 4 #################################################### -->

<h2 id="RestrictingMemory">Restricting App Memory</h2>

<p>

  To maintain a functional multi-tasking environment,

  Android sets a hard limit on the heap size

  for each app. The exact heap size limit varies

  between devices based on how much RAM the device

  has available overall. If your app has reached the

  heap capacity and tries to allocate more

  memory, it can receive an {@link java.lang.OutOfMemoryError}.

</p>

<p>

  In some cases, you might want to query the

  system to determine exactly how much heap space you

  have available on the current device—for example, to

  determine how much data is safe to keep in a

  cache. You can query the system for this figure by calling

  {@link android.app.ActivityManager#getMemoryClass() }.

  This method returns an integer indicating the number of

  megabytes available for your app's heap.

</p>

<!-- Section 5 #################################################### -->

<h2 id="SwitchingApps">Switching apps</h2>

<p>

  When users switch between apps,

  Android keeps apps that

  are not foreground—that is, not visible to the user or running a

  foreground service like music playback—

  in a least-recently used (LRU) cache.

  For example, when a user first launches an app,

  a process is created for it; but when the user

  leaves the app, that process does <em>not</em> quit.

  The system keeps the process cached. If

  the user later returns to the app, the system reuses the process, thereby

  making the app switching faster.

</p>

<p>

  If your app has a cached process and it retains memory

  that it currently does not need,

  then your app—even while the user is not using it—

  affects the system's

  overall performance. As the system runs low on memory,

  it kills processes in the LRU cache

  beginning with the process least recently used. The system also

  accounts for processes that hold onto the most memory

  and can terminate them to free up RAM.

</p>

<p class="note">

  <strong>Note:</strong> When the system begins killing processes in the

  LRU cache, it primarily works bottom-up. The system also considers which

  processes consume more memory and thus provide the system

  more memory gain if killed.

  The less memory you consume while in the LRU list overall,

  the better your chances are

  to remain in the list and be able to quickly resume.

</p>

<p>

  For more information about how processes are cached while

  not running in the foreground and how

  Android decides which ones

  can be killed, see the

  <a href="{@docRoot}guide/components/processes-and-threads.html">Processes and Threads</a>

  guide.

</p>

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          on a variety of mobile devices."

          >Managing Your App's Memory</a>

      </li>

      <li>

        <a href="<?cs var:toroot ?>training/articles/memory-overview.html"

          description=

          "How Android manages app process and memory allocation."

          >Overview of Android Memory Management</a>

      </li>

      <li>

        <a href="<?cs var:toroot ?>training/articles/perf-tips.html"

           description=