Add deviceId parameter to settings shell commands

... and refactor SettingsProviderTest to use shell commands
for tests related to virtual device settings (as virtual device
settings are currently accessible only via root, system or shell).

Test: atest SettingsProviderTest
Bug: 371801645
Flag: android.companion.virtualdevice.flags.device_aware_settings_override
Change-Id: I60a7527e4b8add6a0507eb255c4208c97a5b24d5