aaudio: add thread safety annotation

Also improve naming to clarify lock requirements.

And call some locked methods that were not called before.
Although they were protected with a different lock so
it should have no effect.

Bug: 171296283
Test: adb logcat *:F
Test: In another window:
Test: atest AAudioTestCases
Change-Id: I6e863cbdea9250188e3f4b8f8654ef71c8951e74