mmc_block: Allow more than 8 partitions per card

Set the GENHD_FL_EXT_DEVT flag, which will allocate minor numbers
in major 259 for partitions past disk->minors.

Also remove the use of disk_devt to determine devidx from md->disk.
md->disk->first_minor is always initialized from devidx and can
always be used to recover it.

Signed-off-by: Colin Cross <ccross@android.com>