Merge branch 'core-rcu-for-linus' of...

	- Review Checklist for RCU Patches

listRCU.txt

	- Using RCU to Protect Read-Mostly Linked Lists

lockdep.txt

	- RCU and lockdep checking

NMI-RCU.txt

	- Using RCU to Protect Dynamic NMI Handlers

rcubarrier.txt

	- RCU and Unloadable Modules

rculist_nulls.txt

	- RCU list primitives for use with SLAB_DESTROY_BY_RCU

rcuref.txt

	- Reference-count design for elements of lists/arrays protected by RCU

rcu.txt

	- RCU Concepts

rcubarrier.txt

	- Unloading modules that use RCU callbacks

RTFP.txt

	- List of RCU papers (bibliography) going back to 1980.

stallwarn.txt

	- RCU CPU stall warnings (CONFIG_RCU_CPU_STALL_DETECTOR)

torture.txt

	- RCU Torture Test Operation (CONFIG_RCU_TORTURE_TEST)

trace.txt

optimized for modern computer systems, which is not surprising given

that these overheads were not so expensive in the mid-80s.  Nonetheless,

passive serialization appears to be the first deferred-destruction

mechanism to be used in production.  Furthermore, the relevant patent has

lapsed, so this approach may be used in non-GPL software, if desired.

(In contrast, use of RCU is permitted only in software licensed under

GPL.  Sorry!!!)

mechanism to be used in production.  Furthermore, the relevant patent

has lapsed, so this approach may be used in non-GPL software, if desired.

(In contrast, implementation of RCU is permitted only in software licensed

under either GPL or LGPL.  Sorry!!!)

In 1990, Pugh [Pugh90] noted that explicitly tracking which threads

were reading a given data structure permitted deferred free to operate

LWN "What is RCU?" series [PaulEMcKenney2007WhatIsRCUFundamentally,

PaulEMcKenney2008WhatIsRCUUsage, and PaulEMcKenney2008WhatIsRCUAPI].

2008 saw a journal paper on real-time RCU [DinakarGuniguntala2008IBMSysJ],

a history of how Linux changed RCU more than RCU changed Linux

[PaulEMcKenney2008RCUOSR], and a design overview of hierarchical RCU

[PaulEMcKenney2008HierarchicalRCU].

2009 introduced user-level RCU algorithms [PaulEMcKenney2009MaliciousURCU],

which Mathieu Desnoyers is now maintaining [MathieuDesnoyers2009URCU]

[MathieuDesnoyersPhD].  TINY_RCU [PaulEMcKenney2009BloatWatchRCU] made

its appearance, as did expedited RCU [PaulEMcKenney2009expeditedRCU].

The problem of resizeable RCU-protected hash tables may now be on a path

to a solution [JoshTriplett2009RPHash].

Bibtex Entries

@article{Kung80

"

}

#

#	"What is RCU?" LWN series.

#

########################################################################

@article{DinakarGuniguntala2008IBMSysJ

,author="D. Guniguntala and P. E. McKenney and J. Triplett and J. Walpole"

,title="The read-copy-update mechanism for supporting real-time applications on shared-memory multiprocessor systems with {Linux}"

	Uniprocessor assumptions allow simplified RCU implementation.

"

}

@unpublished{PaulEMcKenney2009expeditedRCU

,Author="Paul E. McKenney"

,Title="[{PATCH} -tip 0/3] expedited 'big hammer' {RCU} grace periods"

,month="June"

,day="25"

,year="2009"

,note="Available:

\url{http://lkml.org/lkml/2009/6/25/306}

[Viewed August 16, 2009]"

,annotation="

	First posting of expedited RCU to be accepted into -tip.

"

}

@unpublished{JoshTriplett2009RPHash

,Author="Josh Triplett"

,Title="Scalable concurrent hash tables via relativistic programming"

,month="September"

,year="2009"

,note="Linux Plumbers Conference presentation"

,annotation="

	RP fun with hash tables.

"

}

@phdthesis{MathieuDesnoyersPhD

, title  = "Low-Impact Operating System Tracing"

, author = "Mathieu Desnoyers"

, school = "Ecole Polytechnique de Montr\'{e}al"

, month  = "December"

, year   = 2009

,note="Available:

\url{http://www.lttng.org/pub/thesis/desnoyers-dissertation-2009-12.pdf}

[Viewed December 9, 2009]"

}

over a rather long period of time, but improvements are always welcome!

0.	Is RCU being applied to a read-mostly situation?  If the data

	structure is updated more than about 10% of the time, then

	you should strongly consider some other approach, unless

	detailed performance measurements show that RCU is nonetheless

	the right tool for the job.  Yes, you might think of RCU

	as simply cutting overhead off of the readers and imposing it

	on the writers.  That is exactly why normal uses of RCU will

	do much more reading than updating.

	structure is updated more than about 10% of the time, then you

	should strongly consider some other approach, unless detailed

	performance measurements show that RCU is nonetheless the right

	tool for the job.  Yes, RCU does reduce read-side overhead by

	increasing write-side overhead, which is exactly why normal uses

	of RCU will do much more reading than updating.

	Another exception is where performance is not an issue, and RCU

	provides a simpler implementation.  An example of this situation

	If you choose #b, be prepared to describe how you have handled

	memory barriers on weakly ordered machines (pretty much all of

	them -- even x86 allows reads to be reordered), and be prepared

	to explain why this added complexity is worthwhile.  If you

	choose #c, be prepared to explain how this single task does not

	become a major bottleneck on big multiprocessor machines (for

	example, if the task is updating information relating to itself

	that other tasks can read, there by definition can be no

	bottleneck).

	them -- even x86 allows later loads to be reordered to precede

	earlier stores), and be prepared to explain why this added

	complexity is worthwhile.  If you choose #c, be prepared to

	explain how this single task does not become a major bottleneck on

	big multiprocessor machines (for example, if the task is updating

	information relating to itself that other tasks can read, there

	by definition can be no bottleneck).

2.	Do the RCU read-side critical sections make proper use of

	rcu_read_lock() and friends?  These primitives are needed

	actuarial risk of your kernel.

	As a rough rule of thumb, any dereference of an RCU-protected

	pointer must be covered by rcu_read_lock() or rcu_read_lock_bh()

	or by the appropriate update-side lock.

	pointer must be covered by rcu_read_lock(), rcu_read_lock_bh(),

	rcu_read_lock_sched(), or by the appropriate update-side lock.

	Disabling of preemption can serve as rcu_read_lock_sched(), but

	is less readable.

3.	Does the update code tolerate concurrent accesses?

	of ways to handle this concurrency, depending on the situation:

	a.	Use the RCU variants of the list and hlist update

		primitives to add, remove, and replace elements on an

		RCU-protected list.  Alternatively, use the RCU-protected

		trees that have been added to the Linux kernel.

		primitives to add, remove, and replace elements on

		an RCU-protected list.	Alternatively, use the other

		RCU-protected data structures that have been added to

		the Linux kernel.

		This is almost always the best approach.

	b.	Proceed as in (a) above, but also maintain per-element

		locks (that are acquired by both readers and writers)

		that guard per-element state.  Of course, fields that

		the readers refrain from accessing can be guarded by the

		update-side lock.

		the readers refrain from accessing can be guarded by

		some other lock acquired only by updaters, if desired.

		This works quite well, also.

	c.	Make updates appear atomic to readers.  For example,

		pointer updates to properly aligned fields will appear

		atomic, as will individual atomic primitives.  Operations

		performed under a lock and sequences of multiple atomic

		primitives will -not- appear to be atomic.

		pointer updates to properly aligned fields will

		appear atomic, as will individual atomic primitives.

		Sequences of perations performed under a lock will -not-

		appear to be atomic to RCU readers, nor will sequences

		of multiple atomic primitives.

		This can work, but is starting to get a bit tricky.

		a new structure containing updated values.

4.	Weakly ordered CPUs pose special challenges.  Almost all CPUs

	are weakly ordered -- even i386 CPUs allow reads to be reordered.

	RCU code must take all of the following measures to prevent

	memory-corruption problems:

	are weakly ordered -- even x86 CPUs allow later loads to be

	reordered to precede earlier stores.  RCU code must take all of

	the following measures to prevent memory-corruption problems:

	a.	Readers must maintain proper ordering of their memory

		accesses.  The rcu_dereference() primitive ensures that

		The rcu_dereference() primitive is also an excellent

		documentation aid, letting the person reading the code

		know exactly which pointers are protected by RCU.

		The rcu_dereference() primitive is used by the various

		"_rcu()" list-traversal primitives, such as the

		list_for_each_entry_rcu().  Note that it is perfectly

		legal (if redundant) for update-side code to use

		rcu_dereference() and the "_rcu()" list-traversal

		primitives.  This is particularly useful in code

		that is common to readers and updaters.

		Please note that compilers can also reorder code, and

		they are becoming increasingly aggressive about doing

		just that.  The rcu_dereference() primitive therefore

		also prevents destructive compiler optimizations.

		The rcu_dereference() primitive is used by the

		various "_rcu()" list-traversal primitives, such

		as the list_for_each_entry_rcu().  Note that it is

		perfectly legal (if redundant) for update-side code to

		use rcu_dereference() and the "_rcu()" list-traversal

		primitives.  This is particularly useful in code that

		is common to readers and updaters.  However, lockdep

		will complain if you access rcu_dereference() outside

		of an RCU read-side critical section.  See lockdep.txt

		to learn what to do about this.

		Of course, neither rcu_dereference() nor the "_rcu()"

		list-traversal primitives can substitute for a good

		concurrency design coordinating among multiple updaters.

	b.	If the list macros are being used, the list_add_tail_rcu()

		and list_add_rcu() primitives must be used in order

		readers.  Similarly, if the hlist macros are being used,

		the hlist_del_rcu() primitive is required.

		The list_replace_rcu() primitive may be used to

		replace an old structure with a new one in an

		RCU-protected list.

		The list_replace_rcu() and hlist_replace_rcu() primitives

		may be used to replace an old structure with a new one

		in their respective types of RCU-protected lists.

	d.	Rules similar to (4b) and (4c) apply to the "hlist_nulls"

		type of RCU-protected linked lists.

	d.	Updates must ensure that initialization of a given

	e.	Updates must ensure that initialization of a given

		structure happens before pointers to that structure are

		publicized.  Use the rcu_assign_pointer() primitive

		when publicizing a pointer to a structure that can

	it cannot block.

6.	Since synchronize_rcu() can block, it cannot be called from

	any sort of irq context.  Ditto for synchronize_sched() and

	synchronize_srcu().

7.	If the updater uses call_rcu(), then the corresponding readers

	must use rcu_read_lock() and rcu_read_unlock().  If the updater

	uses call_rcu_bh(), then the corresponding readers must use

	rcu_read_lock_bh() and rcu_read_unlock_bh().  If the updater

	uses call_rcu_sched(), then the corresponding readers must

	disable preemption.  Mixing things up will result in confusion

	and broken kernels.

	any sort of irq context.  The same rule applies for

	synchronize_rcu_bh(), synchronize_sched(), synchronize_srcu(),

	synchronize_rcu_expedited(), synchronize_rcu_bh_expedited(),

	synchronize_sched_expedite(), and synchronize_srcu_expedited().

	The expedited forms of these primitives have the same semantics

	as the non-expedited forms, but expediting is both expensive

	and unfriendly to real-time workloads.	Use of the expedited

	primitives should be restricted to rare configuration-change

	operations that would not normally be undertaken while a real-time

	workload is running.

7.	If the updater uses call_rcu() or synchronize_rcu(), then the

	corresponding readers must use rcu_read_lock() and

	rcu_read_unlock().  If the updater uses call_rcu_bh() or

	synchronize_rcu_bh(), then the corresponding readers must

	use rcu_read_lock_bh() and rcu_read_unlock_bh().  If the

	updater uses call_rcu_sched() or synchronize_sched(), then

	the corresponding readers must disable preemption, possibly

	by calling rcu_read_lock_sched() and rcu_read_unlock_sched().

	If the updater uses synchronize_srcu(), the the corresponding

	readers must use srcu_read_lock() and srcu_read_unlock(),

	and with the same srcu_struct.	The rules for the expedited

	primitives are the same as for their non-expedited counterparts.

	Mixing things up will result in confusion and broken kernels.

	One exception to this rule: rcu_read_lock() and rcu_read_unlock()

	may be substituted for rcu_read_lock_bh() and rcu_read_unlock_bh()

	e.	Periodically invoke synchronize_rcu(), permitting a limited

		number of updates per grace period.

	The same cautions apply to call_rcu_bh() and call_rcu_sched().

9.	All RCU list-traversal primitives, which include

	rcu_dereference(), list_for_each_entry_rcu(),

	list_for_each_continue_rcu(), and list_for_each_safe_rcu(),

	must be protected by appropriate update-side locks.  RCU

	read-side critical sections are delimited by rcu_read_lock()

	and rcu_read_unlock(), or by similar primitives such as

	rcu_read_lock_bh() and rcu_read_unlock_bh().

	rcu_read_lock_bh() and rcu_read_unlock_bh(), in which case

	the matching rcu_dereference() primitive must be used in order

	to keep lockdep happy, in this case, rcu_dereference_bh().

	The reason that it is permissible to use RCU list-traversal

	primitives when the update-side lock is held is that doing so

10.	Conversely, if you are in an RCU read-side critical section,

	and you don't hold the appropriate update-side lock, you -must-

	use the "_rcu()" variants of the list macros.  Failing to do so

	will break Alpha and confuse people reading your code.

	will break Alpha, cause aggressive compilers to generate bad code,

	and confuse people trying to read your code.

11.	Note that synchronize_rcu() -only- guarantees to wait until

	all currently executing rcu_read_lock()-protected RCU read-side

	rcu_read_lock()-protected read-side critical sections, do -not-

	use synchronize_rcu().

	If you want to wait for some of these other things, you might

	instead need to use synchronize_irq() or synchronize_sched().

	Similarly, disabling preemption is not an acceptable substitute

	for rcu_read_lock().  Code that attempts to use preemption

	disabling where it should be using rcu_read_lock() will break

	in real-time kernel builds.

	If you want to wait for interrupt handlers, NMI handlers, and

	code under the influence of preempt_disable(), you instead

	need to use synchronize_irq() or synchronize_sched().

12.	Any lock acquired by an RCU callback must be acquired elsewhere

	with softirq disabled, e.g., via spin_lock_irqsave(),

	spin_lock_bh(), etc.  Failing to disable irq on a given

	acquisition of that lock will result in deadlock as soon as the

	RCU callback happens to interrupt that acquisition's critical

	section.

	acquisition of that lock will result in deadlock as soon as

	the RCU softirq handler happens to run your RCU callback while

	interrupting that acquisition's critical section.

13.	RCU callbacks can be and are executed in parallel.  In many cases,

	the callback code simply wrappers around kfree(), so that this

	not the case, a self-spawning RCU callback would prevent the

	victim CPU from ever going offline.)

14.	SRCU (srcu_read_lock(), srcu_read_unlock(), and synchronize_srcu())

	may only be invoked from process context.  Unlike other forms of

	RCU, it -is- permissible to block in an SRCU read-side critical

	section (demarked by srcu_read_lock() and srcu_read_unlock()),

	hence the "SRCU": "sleepable RCU".  Please note that if you

	don't need to sleep in read-side critical sections, you should

	be using RCU rather than SRCU, because RCU is almost always

	faster and easier to use than is SRCU.

14.	SRCU (srcu_read_lock(), srcu_read_unlock(), srcu_dereference(),

	synchronize_srcu(), and synchronize_srcu_expedited()) may only

	be invoked from process context.  Unlike other forms of RCU, it

	-is- permissible to block in an SRCU read-side critical section

	(demarked by srcu_read_lock() and srcu_read_unlock()), hence the

	"SRCU": "sleepable RCU".  Please note that if you don't need

	to sleep in read-side critical sections, you should be using

	RCU rather than SRCU, because RCU is almost always faster and

	easier to use than is SRCU.

	Also unlike other forms of RCU, explicit initialization

	and cleanup is required via init_srcu_struct() and

	cleanup_srcu_struct().	These are passed a "struct srcu_struct"

	that defines the scope of a given SRCU domain.	Once initialized,

	the srcu_struct is passed to srcu_read_lock(), srcu_read_unlock()

	and synchronize_srcu().  A given synchronize_srcu() waits only

	for SRCU read-side critical sections governed by srcu_read_lock()

	and srcu_read_unlock() calls that have been passd the same

	srcu_struct.  This property is what makes sleeping read-side

	critical sections tolerable -- a given subsystem delays only

	its own updates, not those of other subsystems using SRCU.

	Therefore, SRCU is less prone to OOM the system than RCU would

	be if RCU's read-side critical sections were permitted to

	sleep.

	synchronize_srcu(), and synchronize_srcu_expedited().  A given

	synchronize_srcu() waits only for SRCU read-side critical

	sections governed by srcu_read_lock() and srcu_read_unlock()

	calls that have been passed the same srcu_struct.  This property

	is what makes sleeping read-side critical sections tolerable --

	a given subsystem delays only its own updates, not those of other

	subsystems using SRCU.	Therefore, SRCU is less prone to OOM the

	system than RCU would be if RCU's read-side critical sections

	were permitted to sleep.

	The ability to sleep in read-side critical sections does not

	come for free.	First, corresponding srcu_read_lock() and

	destructive operation, and -only- -then- invoke call_rcu(),

	synchronize_rcu(), or friends.

	Because these primitives only wait for pre-existing readers,

	it is the caller's responsibility to guarantee safety to

	any subsequent readers.

	Because these primitives only wait for pre-existing readers, it

	is the caller's responsibility to guarantee that any subsequent

	readers will execute safely.

16.	The various RCU read-side primitives do -not- contain memory

	barriers.  The CPU (and in some cases, the compiler) is free

	to reorder code into and out of RCU read-side critical sections.

	It is the responsibility of the RCU update-side primitives to

	deal with this.

16.	The various RCU read-side primitives do -not- necessarily contain

	memory barriers.  You should therefore plan for the CPU

	and the compiler to freely reorder code into and out of RCU

	read-side critical sections.  It is the responsibility of the

	RCU update-side primitives to deal with this.

RCU and lockdep checking

All flavors of RCU have lockdep checking available, so that lockdep is

aware of when each task enters and leaves any flavor of RCU read-side

critical section.  Each flavor of RCU is tracked separately (but note

that this is not the case in 2.6.32 and earlier).  This allows lockdep's

tracking to include RCU state, which can sometimes help when debugging

deadlocks and the like.

In addition, RCU provides the following primitives that check lockdep's

state:

	rcu_read_lock_held() for normal RCU.

	rcu_read_lock_bh_held() for RCU-bh.

	rcu_read_lock_sched_held() for RCU-sched.

	srcu_read_lock_held() for SRCU.

These functions are conservative, and will therefore return 1 if they

aren't certain (for example, if CONFIG_DEBUG_LOCK_ALLOC is not set).

This prevents things like WARN_ON(!rcu_read_lock_held()) from giving false

positives when lockdep is disabled.

In addition, a separate kernel config parameter CONFIG_PROVE_RCU enables

checking of rcu_dereference() primitives:

	rcu_dereference(p):

		Check for RCU read-side critical section.

	rcu_dereference_bh(p):

		Check for RCU-bh read-side critical section.

	rcu_dereference_sched(p):

		Check for RCU-sched read-side critical section.

	srcu_dereference(p, sp):

		Check for SRCU read-side critical section.

	rcu_dereference_check(p, c):

		Use explicit check expression "c".

	rcu_dereference_raw(p)

		Don't check.  (Use sparingly, if at all.)

The rcu_dereference_check() check expression can be any boolean

expression, but would normally include one of the rcu_read_lock_held()

family of functions and a lockdep expression.  However, any boolean

expression can be used.  For a moderately ornate example, consider

the following:

	file = rcu_dereference_check(fdt->fd[fd],

				     rcu_read_lock_held() ||

				     lockdep_is_held(&files->file_lock) ||

				     atomic_read(&files->count) == 1);

This expression picks up the pointer "fdt->fd[fd]" in an RCU-safe manner,

and, if CONFIG_PROVE_RCU is configured, verifies that this expression

is used in:

1.	An RCU read-side critical section, or

2.	with files->file_lock held, or

3.	on an unshared files_struct.

In case (1), the pointer is picked up in an RCU-safe manner for vanilla

RCU read-side critical sections, in case (2) the ->file_lock prevents

any change from taking place, and finally, in case (3) the current task

is the only task accessing the file_struct, again preventing any change

from taking place.

There are currently only "universal" versions of the rcu_assign_pointer()

and RCU list-/tree-traversal primitives, which do not (yet) check for

being in an RCU read-side critical section.  In the future, separate

versions of these primitives might be created.

	search for the string "Patent" in RTFP.txt to find them.

	Of these, one was allowed to lapse by the assignee, and the

	others have been contributed to the Linux kernel under GPL.

	There are now also LGPL implementations of user-level RCU

	available (http://lttng.org/?q=node/18).

o	I hear that RCU needs work in order to support realtime kernels?

o	What are all these files in this directory?

	NMI-RCU.txt

		Describes how to use RCU to implement dynamic

		NMI handlers, which can be revectored on the fly,

		without rebooting.

	RTFP.txt

		List of RCU-related publications and web sites.

	UP.txt

		Discussion of RCU usage in UP kernels.

	arrayRCU.txt

		Describes how to use RCU to protect arrays, with

		resizeable arrays whose elements reference other

		data structures being of the most interest.

	checklist.txt

		Lists things to check for when inspecting code that

		uses RCU.

	listRCU.txt

		Describes how to use RCU to protect linked lists.

		This is the simplest and most common use of RCU

		in the Linux kernel.

	rcu.txt

		You are reading it!

	rcuref.txt

		Describes how to combine use of reference counts

		with RCU.

	whatisRCU.txt

		Overview of how the RCU implementation works.  Along

		the way, presents a conceptual view of RCU.

	See 00-INDEX for the list.