dm btree: add a defensive bounds check to insert_at()

[ Upstream commit 85bca3c05b6cca31625437eedf2060e846c4bbad ]

Corrupt metadata could trigger an out of bounds write.

Signed-off-by: Joe Thornber <ejt@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Sasha Levin <sashal@kernel.org>