ntp: Split out timex validation from do_adjtimex

Split out the timex validation done in do_adjtimex into a separate
function. This will help simplify logic in following patches.

Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Richard Cochran <richardcochran@gmail.com>
Cc: Prarit Bhargava <prarit@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: John Stultz <john.stultz@linaro.org>